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 <H1>IPTABLES</H1>
 Section:    (8)<BR>Updated: Aug 11, 2000<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
 <A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html">Return to Main Contents</A><HR>
 <A NAME="lbAB">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>NAME</H2>
 iptables - IP packet filter administration
 <A NAME="lbAC">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
 <B>iptables -[ADC] </B>chain rule-specification [options]
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -[RI] </B>chain rulenum rule-specification [options]
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -D </B>chain rulenum [options]
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -[LFZ] </B>[chain] [options]
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -[NX] </B>chain
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -P </B>chain target [options]
 <BR>
 <B>iptables -E </B>old-chain-name new-chain-name
 <A NAME="lbAD">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
 <B>Iptables</B>
 is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet
 filter rules in the Linux kernel.  Several different tables
 may be defined.  Each table contains a number of built-in
 chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
 <P>
 Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets.  Each
 rule specifies what to do with a packet that matches.  This is called
 a `target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the same
 table.
 <P>
 <A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>TARGETS</H2>
 A firewall rule specifies criteria for a packet, and a target.  If the
 packet does not match, the next rule in the chain is the examined; if
 it does match, then the next rule is specified by the value of the
 target, which can be the name of a user-defined chain or one of the
 special values
 <I>ACCEPT</I>,
 <I>DROP</I>,
 <I>QUEUE</I>,
 or
 <I>RETURN</I>.
 <P>
 <I>ACCEPT </I>
 means to let the packet through.
 <I>DROP</I>
 means to drop the packet on the floor.
 <I>QUEUE</I>
 means to pass the packet to userspace (if supported by the kernel).
 <I>RETURN</I>
 means stop traversing this chain and resume at the next rule in the
 previous (calling) chain.  If the end of a built-in chain is reached
 or a rule in a built-in chain with target
 <I>RETURN</I>
 is matched, the target specified by the chain policy determines the
 fate of the packet.
 <A NAME="lbAF">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>TABLES</H2>
 There are current three independent tables (which tables are present
 at any time depends on the kernel configuration options and which
 modules are present).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>-t, --table</B>
 <DD>
 This option specifies the packet matching table which the command
 should operate on.  If the kernel is configured with automatic module
 loading, an attempt will be made to load the appropriate module for
 that table if it is not already there.
 <P>
 The tables are as follows:
 <DT><B>filter</B>
 <DD>
 This is the default table.  It contains the built-in chains INPUT (for
 packets coming into the box itself), FORWARD (for packets being routed
 through the box), and OUTPUT (for locally-generated packets).
 <DT><B>nat</B>
 <DD>
 This table is consulted when a packet that creates a new
 connection is encountered.  It consists of three built-ins: PREROUTING
 (for altering packets as soon as they come in), OUTPUT (for altering
 locally-generated packets before routing), and POSTROUTING (for
 altering packets as they are about to go out).
 <DT><B>mangle</B>
 <DD>
 This table is used for specialized packet alteration.  It has two
 built-in chains: PREROUTING (for altering incoming packets before
 routing) and OUTPUT (for altering locally-generated packets before
 routing).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAG">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>OPTIONS</H2>
 The options that are recognized by
 <B>iptables</B>
 can be divided into several different groups.
 <A NAME="lbAH">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>COMMANDS</H3>
 These options specify the specific action to perform.  Only one of them
 can be specified on the command line unless otherwise specified
 below.  For all the long versions of the command and option names, you
 need to use only enough letters to ensure that
 <B>iptables</B>
 can differentiate it from all other options.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>-A, --append</B>
 <DD>
 Append one or more rules to the end of the selected chain.
 When the source and/or destination names resolve to more than one
 address, a rule will be added for each possible address combination.
 <DT><B>-D, --delete</B>
 <DD>
 Delete one or more rules from the selected chain.  There are two
 versions of this command: the rule can be specified as a number in the
 chain (starting at 1 for the first rule) or a rule to match.
 <DT><B>-R, --replace</B>
 <DD>
 Replace a rule in the selected chain.  If the source and/or
 destination names resolve to multiple addresses, the command will
 fail.  Rules are numbered starting at 1.
 <DT><B>-I, --insert</B>
 <DD>
 Insert one or more rules in the selected chain as the given rule
 number.  So, if the rule number is 1, the rule or rules are inserted
 at the head of the chain.  This is also the default if no rule number
 is specified.
 <DT><B>-L, --list</B>
 <DD>
 List all rules in the selected chain.  If no chain is selected, all
 chains are listed.  It is legal to specify the
 <B>-Z</B>
 (zero) option as well, in which case the chain(s) will be atomically
 listed and zeroed.  The exact output is affected by the other
 arguments given.
 <DT><B>-F, --flush</B>
 <DD>
 Flush the selected chain.  This is equivalent to deleting all the
 rules one by one.
 <DT><B>-Z, --zero</B>
 <DD>
 Zero the packet and byte counters in all chains.  It is legal to
 specify the
 <B>-L, --list</B>
 (list) option as well, to see the counters immediately before they are
 cleared. (See above.)
 <DT><B>-N, --new-chain</B>
 <DD>
 Create a new user-defined chain by the given name.  There must be no
 target of that name already.
 <DT><B>-X, --delete-chain</B>
 <DD>
 Delete the specified user-defined chain.  There must be no references
 to the chain.  If there are, you must delete or replace the referring
 rules before the chain can be deleted.  If no argument is given, it
 will attempt to delete every non-builtin chain in the table.
 <DT><B>-P, --policy</B>
 <DD>
 Set the policy for the chain to the given target.  See the section
 <B>TARGETS</B>
 for the legal targets.  Only non-user-defined chains can have policies,
 and neither built-in nor user-defined chains can be policy targets.
 <DT><B>-E, --rename-chain</B>
 <DD>
 Rename the user specified chain to the user supplied name.  This is
 cosmetic, and has no effect on the structure of the table.
 <DT><B>-h</B>
 <DD>
 Help.
 Give a (currently very brief) description of the command syntax.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAI">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>PARAMETERS</H3>
 The following parameters make up a rule specification (as used in the
 add, delete, insert, replace and append commands).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>-p, --protocol </B>[!] <I>protocol</I>
 <DD>
 The protocol of the rule or of the packet to check.
 The specified protocol can be one of
 <I>tcp</I>,
 <I>udp</I>,
 <I>icmp</I>,
 or
 <I>all</I>,
 or it can be a numeric value, representing one of these protocols or a
 different one.  A protocol name from /etc/protocols is also allowed.
 A &quot;!&quot; argument before the protocol inverts the
 test.  The number zero is equivalent to
 <I>all</I>.
 Protocol
 <I>all</I>
 will match with all protocols and is taken as default when this
 option is omitted.
 <DT><B>-s, --source </B>[!] <I>address</I>[/<I>mask</I>]
 <DD>
 Source specification.
 <I>Address</I>
 can be either a hostname, a network name, or a plain IP address.
 The
 <I>mask</I>
 can be either a network mask or a plain number,
 specifying the number of 1's at the left side of the network mask.
 Thus, a mask of
 <I>24</I>
 is equivalent to
 <I>255.255.255.0</I>.
 A &quot;!&quot; argument before the address specification inverts the sense of
 the address. The flag
 <B>--src</B>
 is a convenient alias for this option.
 <DT><B>-d, --destination </B>[!] <I>address</I>[/<I>mask</I>]
 <DD>
 Destination specification.
 See the description of the
 <B>-s</B>
 (source) flag for a detailed description of the syntax.  The flag
 <B>--dst</B>
 is an alias for this option.
 <DT><B>-j, --jump </B><I>target</I>
 <DD>
 This specifies the target of the rule; i.e., what to do if the packet
 matches it.  The target can be a user-defined chain (other than the
 one this rule is in), one of the special builtin targets which decide
 the fate of the packet immediately, or an extension (see
 <B>EXTENSIONS</B>
 below).  If this
 option is omitted in a rule, then matching the rule will have no
 effect on the packet's fate, but the counters on the rule will be
 incremented.
 <DT><B>-i, --in-interface </B>[!] [<I>name</I>]
 <DD>
 Optional name of an interface via which a packet is received (for
 packets entering the
 <B>INPUT</B>,
 <B>FORWARD</B>
 and
 <B>PREROUTING</B>
 chains).  When the &quot;!&quot; argument is used before the interface name, the
 sense is inverted.  If the interface name ends in a &quot;+&quot;, then any
 interface which begins with this name will match.  If this option is
 omitted, the string &quot;+&quot; is assumed, which will match with any
 interface name.
 <DT><B>-o, --out-interface </B>[!] [<I>name</I>]
 <DD>
 Optional name of an interface via which a packet is going to
 be sent (for packets entering the
 <B>FORWARD</B>,
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 and
 <B>POSTROUTING</B>
 chains).  When the &quot;!&quot; argument is used before the interface name,
 the sense is inverted.  If the interface name ends in a &quot;+&quot;, then any
 interface which begins with this name will match.  If this option is
 omitted, the string &quot;+&quot; is assumed, which will match with any
 interface name.
 <DT><B>[!]  -f, --fragment</B>
 <DD>
 This means that the rule only refers to second and further fragments
 of fragmented packets.  Since there is no way to tell the source or
 destination ports of such a packet (or ICMP type), such a packet will
 not match any rules which specify them.  When the &quot;!&quot; argument
 precedes the &quot;-f&quot; flag, the rule will only match head fragments, or
 unfragmented packets.
 <DT><B>-c, --set-counters  PKTS BYTES</B>
 <DD>
 This enables the administrater to initialize the packet and byte
 counters of a rule (during
 <B>INSERT,</B>
 <B>APPEND,</B>
 <B>REPLACE</B>
 operations)
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAJ">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>OTHER OPTIONS</H3>
 The following additional options can be specified:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>-v, --verbose</B>
 <DD>
 Verbose output.  This option makes the list command show the interface
 address, the rule options (if any), and the TOS masks.  The packet and
 byte counters are also listed, with the suffix 'K', 'M' or 'G' for
 , 1,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 multipliers respectively (but see
 the
 <B>-x</B>
 flag to change this).
 For appending, insertion, deletion and replacement, this causes
 detailed information on the rule or rules to be printed.
 <DT><B>-n, --numeric</B>
 <DD>
 Numeric output.
 IP addresses and port numbers will be printed in numeric format.
 By default, the program will try to display them as host names,
 network names, or services (whenever applicable).
 <DT><B>-x, --exact</B>
 <DD>
 Expand numbers.
 Display the exact value of the packet and byte counters,
 instead of only the rounded number in K's (multiples of 1000)
 M's (multiples of 1000K) or G's (multiples of 1000M).  This option is
 only relevant for the
 <B>-L</B>
 command.
 <DT><B>--line-numbers</B>
 <DD>
 When listing rules, add line numbers to the beginning of each rule,
 corresponding to that rule's position in the chain.
 <DT><B>--modprobe=&lt;command&gt;</B>
 <DD>
 When adding or inserting rules into a chain, use
 <B>command</B>
 to load any necessary modules (targets, match extensions, etc).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAK">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>MATCH EXTENSIONS</H2>
 iptables can use extended packet matching modules.  These are loaded
 in two ways: implicitly, when
 <B>-p</B>
 or
 <B>--protocol</B>
 is specified, or with the
 <B>-m</B>
 or
 <B>--match</B>
 options, followed by the matching module name; after these, various
 extra command line options become available, depending on the specific
 module.  You can specify multiple extended match modules in one line, and you can use the
 <B>-h</B>
 or
 <B>--help</B>
 options after the module has been specified to receive help specific
 to that module.
 <P>
 The following are included in the base package, and most of these can
 be preceded by a
 <B>!</B>
 to invert the sense of the match.
 <A NAME="lbAL">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>tcp</H3>
 These extensions are loaded if `--protocol tcp' is specified. It
 provides the following options:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--source-port </B>[!] [<I>port[:port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Source port or port range specification. This can either be a service
 name or a port number. An inclusive range can also be specified,
 using the format
 <I>port</I>:<I>port</I>.
 If the first port is omitted, &quot;0&quot; is assumed; if the last is omitted,
 &quot;65535&quot; is assumed.
 If the second port greater then the first they will be swapped.
 The flag
 <B>--sport</B>
 is an alias for this option.
 <DT><B>--destination-port </B>[!] [<I>port[:port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Destination port or port range specification. The flag
 <B>--dport</B>
 is an alias for this option.
 <DT><B>--tcp-flags </B>[!] <I>mask</I> <I>comp</I>
 <DD>
 Match when the TCP flags are as specified.  The first argument is the
 flags which we should examine, written as a comma-separated list, and
 the second argument is a comma-separated list of flags which must be
 set.  Flags are:
 <B>SYN ACK FIN RST URG PSH ALL NONE</B>.
 Hence the command
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;iptables&nbsp;-A&nbsp;FORWARD&nbsp;-p&nbsp;tcp&nbsp;--tcp-flags&nbsp;SYN,ACK,FIN,RST&nbsp;SYN
 <BR>
 will only match packets with the SYN flag set, and the ACK, FIN and
 RST flags unset.
 <DT><B>[!] --syn</B>
 <DD>
 Only match TCP packets with the SYN bit set and the ACK and FIN bits
 cleared.  Such packets are used to request TCP connection initiation;
 for example, blocking such packets coming in an interface will prevent
 incoming TCP connections, but outgoing TCP connections will be
 unaffected.
 It is equivalent to <B>--tcp-flags SYN,RST,ACK SYN</B>.
 If the &quot;!&quot; flag precedes the &quot;--syn&quot;, the sense of the
 option is inverted.
 <DT><B>--tcp-option </B>[!] <I>number</I>
 <DD>
 Match if TCP option set.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAM">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>udp</H3>
 These extensions are loaded if `--protocol udp' is specified.  It
 provides the following options:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--source-port </B>[!] [<I>port[:port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Source port or port range specification.
 See the description of the
 <B>--source-port</B>
 option of the TCP extension for details.
 <DT><B>--destination-port </B>[!] [<I>port[:port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Destination port or port range specification.
 See the description of the
 <B>--destination-port</B>
 option of the TCP extension for details.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAN">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>icmp</H3>
 This extension is loaded if `--protocol icmp' is specified.  It
 provides the following option:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--icmp-type </B>[!] <I>typename</I>
 <DD>
 This allows specification of the ICMP type, which can be a numeric
 ICMP type, or one of the ICMP type names shown by the command
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;iptables&nbsp;-p&nbsp;icmp&nbsp;-h
 <BR>
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAO">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>mac</H3>
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--mac-source </B>[!] <I>address</I>
 <DD>
 Match source MAC address.  It must be of the form XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX.
 Note that this only makes sense for packets entering the
 <B>PREROUTING</B>,
 <B>FORWARD</B>
 or
 <B>INPUT</B>
 chains for packets coming from an ethernet device.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAP">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>limit</H3>
 This module matches at a limited rate using a token bucket filter: it
 can be used in combination with the
 <B>LOG</B>
 target to give limited logging.  A rule using this extension will
 match until this limit is reached (unless the `!' flag is used).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--limit </B><I>rate</I>
 <DD>
 Maximum average matching rate: specified as a number, with an optional
 `/second', `/minute', `/hour', or `/day' suffix; the default is
 /hour.
 <DT><B>--limit-burst </B><I>number</I>
 <DD>
 The maximum initial number of packets to match: this number gets
 recharged by one every time the limit specified above is not reached,
 up to this number; the default is 5.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAQ">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>multiport</H3>
 This module matches a set of source or destination ports. Up to 15
 ports can be specified. It can only be used in conjunction with
 <B>-p tcp</B>
 or
 <B>-p udp</B>.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--source-port</B> [<I>port[,port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Match if the source port is one of the given ports.
 <DT><B>--destination-port</B> [<I>port[,port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Match if the destination port is one of the given ports.
 <DT><B>--port</B> [<I>port[,port]</I>]
 <DD>
 Match if the both the source and destination ports are equal to each
 other and to one of the given ports.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAR">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>mark</H3>
 This module matches the netfilter mark field associated with a packet
 (which can be set using the
 <B>MARK</B>
 target below).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--mark </B><I>value[/mask]</I>
 <DD>
 Matches packets with the given unsigned mark value (if a mask is
 specified, this is logically ANDed with the mask before the
 comparison).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAS">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>owner</H3>
 This module attempts to match various characteristics of the packet
 creator, for locally-generated packets.  It is only valid in the
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 chain, and even this some packets (such as ICMP ping responses) may
 have no owner, and hence never match.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--uid-owner </B><I>userid</I>
 <DD>
 Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given
 effective user id.
 <DT><B>--gid-owner </B><I>groupid</I>
 <DD>
 Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given
 effective group id.
 <DT><B>--pid-owner </B><I>processid</I>
 <DD>
 Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given
 process id.
 <DT><B>--sid-owner </B><I>sessionid</I>
 <DD>
 Matches if the packet was created by a process in the given session
 group.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAT">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>state</H3>
 This module, when combined with connection tracking, allows access to
 the connection tracking state for this packet.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--state </B><I>state</I>
 <DD>
 Where state is a comma separated list of the connection states to
 match.  Possible states are
 <B>INVALID</B>
 meaning that the packet is associated with no known connection,
 <B>ESTABLISHED</B>
 meaning that the packet is associated with a connection which has seen
 packets in both directions,
 <B>NEW</B>
 meaning that the packet has started a new connection, or otherwise
 associated with a connection which has not seen packets in both
 directions, and
 <B>RELATED</B>
 meaning that the packet is starting a new connection, but is
 associated with an existing connection, such as an FTP data transfer,
 or an ICMP error.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAU">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>unclean</H3>
 This module takes no options, but attempts to match packets which seem
 malformed or unusual.  This is regarded as experimental.
 <A NAME="lbAV">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>tos</H3>
 This module matches the 8 bits of Type of Service field in the IP
 header (ie. including the precedence bits).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--tos </B><I>tos</I>
 <DD>
 The argument is either a standard name, (use
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;iptables&nbsp;-m&nbsp;tos&nbsp;-h
 <BR>
 to see the list), or a numeric value to match.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAW">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>TARGET EXTENSIONS</H2>
 iptables can use extended target modules: the following are included
 in the standard distribution.
 <A NAME="lbAX">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>LOG</H3>
 Turn on kernel logging of matching packets.  When this option is set
 for a rule, the Linux kernel will print some information on all
 matching packets (like most IP header fields) via the kernel log
 (where it can be read with
 <I>dmesg</I>
 or
 <I><A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html?8+syslogd">syslogd</A></I>(8)).
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--log-level </B><I>level</I>
 <DD>
 Level of logging (numeric or see <I><A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html?5+syslog.conf">syslog.conf</A></I>(5)).
 <DT><B>--log-prefix </B><I>prefix</I>
 <DD>
 Prefix log messages with the specified prefix; up to 29 letters long,
 and useful for distinguishing messages in the logs.
 <DT><B>--log-tcp-sequence</B>
 <DD>
 Log TCP sequence numbers. This is a security risk if the log is
 readable by users.
 <DT><B>--log-tcp-options</B>
 <DD>
 Log options from the TCP packet header.
 <DT><B>--log-ip-options</B>
 <DD>
 Log options from the IP packet header.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAY">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>MARK</H3>
 This is used to set the netfilter mark value associated with the
 packet.  It is only valid in the
 <B>mangle</B>
 table.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--set-mark </B><I>mark</I>
 <DD>
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbAZ">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>REJECT</H3>
 This is used to send back an error packet in response to the matched
 packet: otherwise it is equivalent to
 <B>DROP</B>.
 This target is only valid in the
 <B>INPUT</B>,
 <B>FORWARD</B>
 and
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those
 chains.  Several options control the nature of the error packet
 returned:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--reject-with </B><I>type</I>
 <DD>
 The type given can be
 <B>icmp-net-unreachable</B>,
 <B>icmp-host-unreachable</B>,
 <B>icmp-port-unreachable</B>,
 <B>icmp-proto-unreachable</B>,
 <B>icmp-net-prohibited</B>or
 <B>icmp-host-prohibited</B>,
 which return the appropriate ICMP error message (port-unreachable is
 the default).  The option
 <B>echo-reply</B>
 is also allowed; it can only be used for rules which specify an ICMP
 ping packet, and generates a ping reply.  Finally, the option
 <B>tcp-reset</B>
 can be used on rules which only match the TCP protocol: this causes a
 TCP RST packet to be sent back.  This is mainly useful for blocking
 <I>ident</I>
 probes which frequently occur when sending mail to broken mail hosts
 (which won't accept your mail otherwise).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBA">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>TOS</H3>
 This is used to set the 8-bit Type of Service field in the IP header.
 It is only valid in the
 <B>mangle</B>
 table.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--set-tos </B><I>tos</I>
 <DD>
 You can use a numeric TOS values, or use
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;iptables&nbsp;-j&nbsp;TOS&nbsp;-h
 <BR>
 to see the list of valid TOS names.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBB">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>MIRROR</H3>
 This is an experimental demonstration target which inverts the source
 and destination fields in the IP header and retransmits the packet.
 It is only valid in the
 <B>INPUT</B>,
 <B>FORWARD</B>
 and
 <B>PREROUTING</B>
 chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those
 chains.  Note that the outgoing packets are
 <B>NOT</B>
 seen by any packet filtering chains, connection tracking or NAT, to
 avoid loops and other problems.
 <A NAME="lbBC">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>SNAT</H3>
 This target is only valid in the
 <B>nat</B>
 table, in the
 <B>POSTROUTING</B>
 chain.  It specifies that the source address of the packet should be
 modified (and all future packets in this connection will also be
 mangled), and rules should cease being examined.  It takes one option:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--to-source  </B><I>&lt;ipaddr&gt;[-&lt;ipaddr&gt;][:port-port]</I>
 <DD>
 which can specify a single new source IP address, an inclusive range
 of IP addresses, and optionally, a port range (which is only valid if
 the rule also specifies
 <B>-p tcp</B>
 or
 <B>-p udp</B>).
 If no port range is specified, then source ports below 512 will be
 mapped to other ports below 512: those between 512 and 1023 inclusive
 will be mapped to ports below 1024, and other ports will be mapped to
 or above. Where possible, no port alteration will occur.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBD">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>DNAT</H3>
 This target is only valid in the
 <B>nat</B>
 table, in the
 <B>PREROUTING</B>
 and
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those
 chains.  It specifies that the destination address of the packet
 should be modified (and all future packets in this connection will
 also be mangled), and rules should cease being examined.  It takes one
 option:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--to-destination </B><I>&lt;ipaddr&gt;[-&lt;ipaddr&gt;][:port-port]</I>
 <DD>
 which can specify a single new destination IP address, an inclusive
 range of IP addresses, and optionally, a port range (which is only
 valid if the rule also specifies
 <B>-p tcp</B>
 or
 <B>-p udp</B>).
 If no port range is specified, then the destination port will never be
 modified.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBE">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>MASQUERADE</H3>
 This target is only valid in the
 <B>nat</B>
 table, in the
 <B>POSTROUTING</B>
 chain.  It should only be used with dynamically assigned IP (dialup)
 connections: if you have a static IP address, you should use the SNAT
 target.  Masquerading is equivalent to specifying a mapping to the IP
 address of the interface the packet is going out, but also has the
 effect that connections are
 <I>forgotten</I>
 when the interface goes down.  This is the correct behavior when the
 next dialup is unlikely to have the same interface address (and hence
 any established connections are lost anyway).  It takes one option:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--to-ports </B><I>&lt;port&gt;[-&lt;port&gt;]</I>
 <DD>
 This specifies a range of source ports to use, overriding the default
 <B>SNAT</B>
 source port-selection heuristics (see above).  This is only valid with
 if the rule also specifies
 <B>-p tcp</B>
 or
 <B>-p udp</B>).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBF">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>REDIRECT</H3>
 This target is only valid in the
 <B>nat</B>
 table, in the
 <B>PREROUTING</B>
 and
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those
 chains.  It alters the destination IP address to send the packet to
 the machine itself (locally-generated packets are mapped to the
 .0.0.1 address).  It takes one option:
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--to-ports </B><I>&lt;port&gt;[-&lt;port&gt;]</I>
 <DD>
 This specifies a destination port or range or ports to use: without
 this, the destination port is never altered.  This is only valid with
 if the rule also specifies
 <B>-p tcp</B>
 or
 <B>-p udp</B>).
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBG">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>EXTRA EXTENSIONS</H2>
 The following extensions are not included by default in the standard
 distribution.
 <A NAME="lbBH">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>ttl</H3>
 This module matches the time to live field in the IP header.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--ttl </B><I>ttl</I>
 <DD>
 Matches the given TTL value.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBI">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>TTL</H3>
 This target is used to modify the time to live field in the IP header.
 It is only valid in the
 <B>mangle</B>
 table.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--ttl-set </B><I>ttl</I>
 <DD>
 Set the TTL to the given value.
 <DT><B>--ttl-dec </B><I>ttl</I>
 <DD>
 Decrement the TTL by the given value.
 <DT><B>--ttl-inc </B><I>ttl</I>
 <DD>
 Increment the TTL by the given value.
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBJ">&nbsp;</A>
 <H3>ULOG</H3>
 This target provides userspace logging of matching packets.  When this
 target is set for a rule, the Linux kernel will multicast this packet
 through a
 <I>netlink</I>
 socket. One or more userspace processes may then subscribe to various
 multicast groups and receive the packets.
 <DL COMPACT>
 <DT><B>--ulog-nlgroup </B><I>&lt;nlgroup&gt;</I>
 <DD>
 This specifies the netlink group (1-32) to which the packet is sent.
 Default value is 1.
 <DT><B>--ulog-prefix </B><I>&lt;prefix&gt;</I>
 <DD>
 Prefix log messages with the specified prefix; up to 32 characters
 long, and useful fro distinguishing messages in the logs.
 <DT><B>--ulog-cprange </B><I>&lt;size&gt;</I>
 <DD>
 Number of bytes to be copied to userspace. A value of 0 always copies
 the entire packet, regardless of its size. Default is 0
 <DT><B>--ulog-qthreshold </B><I>&lt;size&gt;</I>
 <DD>
 Number of packet to queue inside kernel. Setting this value to, e.g. 10
 accumulates ten packets inside the kernel and transmits them as one
 netlink multipart message to userspace.  Default is 1 (for backwards
 compatibility)
 </DL>
 <A NAME="lbBK">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
 Various error messages are printed to standard error.  The exit code
 is 0 for correct functioning.  Errors which appear to be caused by
 invalid or abused command line parameters cause an exit code of 2, and
 other errors cause an exit code of 1.
 <A NAME="lbBL">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>BUGS</H2>
 Check is not implemented (yet).
 <A NAME="lbBM">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>COMPATIBILITY WITH IPCHAINS</H2>
 This
 <B>iptables</B>
 is very similar to ipchains by Rusty Russell.  The main difference is
 that the chains
 <B>INPUT</B>
 and
 <B>OUTPUT</B>
 are only traversed for packets coming into the local host and
 originating from the local host respectively.  Hence every packet only
 passes through one of the three chains; previously a forwarded packet
 would pass through all three.
 <P>
 The other main difference is that
 <B>-i</B>
 refers to the input interface;
 <B>-o</B>
 refers to the output interface, and both are available for packets
 entering the
 <B>FORWARD</B>
 chain.
 <P>
 <B>iptables </B>
 is a pure packet filter when using the default `filter' table, with
 optional extension modules.  This should simplify much of the previous
 confusion over the combination of IP masquerading and packet filtering
 seen previously.  So the following options are handled differently:
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;-j&nbsp;MASQ
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;-M&nbsp;-S
 <BR>
 <BR>&nbsp;-M&nbsp;-L
 <BR>
 There are several other changes in iptables.
 <A NAME="lbBN">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
 The packet-filtering-HOWTO, which details more iptables usage for packet filtering, the NAT-HOWTO,
 which details NAT, and the netfilter-hacking-HOWTO which details the
 internals.
 <A NAME="lbBO">&nbsp;</A>
 <H2>AUTHORS</H2>
 Rusty Russell wrote iptables, in early consultation with Michael
 Neuling.
 <P>
 Marc Boucher made Rusty abandon ipnatctl by lobbying for a generic packet
 selection framework in iptables, then wrote the mangle table, the owner match,
 the mark stuff, and ran around doing cool stuff everywhere.
 <P>
 James Morris wrote the TOS target, and tos match.
 <P>
 Jozsef Kadlecsik wrote the REJECT target.
 <P>
 Harald Welte wrote the ULOG target, TTL match+target and libipulog.
 <P>
 The Netfilter Core Team is: Marc Boucher, James Morris, Harald Welte
 and Rusty Russell.
 <P>
 <HR>
 <A NAME="index">&nbsp;</A><H2>Index</H2>
 <DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAE">TARGETS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAF">TABLES</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAG">OPTIONS</A><DD>
 <DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAH">COMMANDS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAI">PARAMETERS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAJ">OTHER OPTIONS</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAK">MATCH EXTENSIONS</A><DD>
 <DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAL">tcp</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAM">udp</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAN">icmp</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAO">mac</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAP">limit</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAQ">multiport</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAR">mark</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAS">owner</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAT">state</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAU">unclean</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAV">tos</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAW">TARGET EXTENSIONS</A><DD>
 <DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAX">LOG</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAY">MARK</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbAZ">REJECT</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBA">TOS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBB">MIRROR</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBC">SNAT</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBD">DNAT</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBE">MASQUERADE</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBF">REDIRECT</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBG">EXTRA EXTENSIONS</A><DD>
 <DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBH">ttl</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBI">TTL</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBJ">ULOG</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBK">DIAGNOSTICS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBL">BUGS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBM">COMPATIBILITY WITH IPCHAINS</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBN">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
 <DT><A HREF="#lbBO">AUTHORS</A><DD>
 </DL>
 <HR>
 This document was created by
 <A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
 using the manual pages.<BR>
 Time: 17:14:16 GMT, November 14, 2001
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